الفرق بين النصيحة والتعيير
المرجع: كتاب الفرق بين النصيحة والتعيير
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
مقدمة
الحمد لله رب العالمين، وصلاته
وسلامه على إمام المتقين، وخاتم النبيين وآله وصحبه أجمعين، والتابعين لهم
بإحسان إلى يوم الدين أما بعد:
فهذه كلمات مختصرة جامعة في الفرق بين النصيحة والتعيير –
فإنهما يشتركان في أن كلًّا منهما: ذِكْرُ الإنسان بما يكره ذِكْرَه، وقد
يشتبه الفرق بينهما عند كثير من الناس والله الموفق للصواب.اعلم أن ذِكر
الإنسان بما يكره محرم إذا كان المقصود منه مجرد الذمِّ والعيب
والنقص. فأما إن كان فيه مصلحة لعامة المسلمين خاصة لبعضهم وكان المقصود
منه تحصيل تلك المصلحة فليس بمحرم بل مندوب إليه. وقد قرر علماء الحديث هذا
في كتبهم في الجرح والتعديل وذكروا الفرق بين جرح الرواة وبين الغيبة
وردُّوا على من سوَّى بينهما من المتعبدين وغيرهم ممن لا يتسع علمه.
ولا فرق بين الطعن في رواة حفَّاظ الحديث ولا التمييز بين من
تقبل روايته منهم ومن لا تقبل، وبين تبيين خطأ من أخطأ في فهم معاني الكتاب
والسنة وتأوَّلَ شيئاً منها على غير تأويله وتمسك بما لا يتمسك به
ليُحذِّر من الاقتداء به فيما أخطأ فيه، وقد أجمع العلماء على جواز ذلك
أيضًا. ولهذا نجد في كتبهم المصنفة في أنواع العلوم الشرعية من التفسير
وشروح الحديث والفقه واختلاف العلماء وغير ذلك ممتلئة بالمناظرات وردِّ
أقوال من تُضَعَّفُ أقواله من أئمة السلف والخلف من الصحابة والتابعين ومن
بعدهم.
ولم يترك ذلك أحد من أهل العلم ولا ادعى فيه طعناً على من
ردَّ عليه قولَه ولا ذمَّاً ولا نقصاً اللهم إلا أن يكون المصنِّف ممن
يُفحش في الكلام ويُسيءُ الأدب في العبارة فيُنكَر عليه فحاشته وإساءته دون
أصل ردِّه ومخالفته، إقامةً للحجج الشرعية والأدلة المعتبرة. وسبب ذلك أن
علماء الدين كلُّهم مجمعون على قصد إظهار الحق الذي بعث الله به رسوله صلى
الله عليه و سلم ولأنْ يكون الدين كله لله وأن تكون كلمته هي العليا،
وكلُّهم معترفون بأن الإحاطة بالعلم كله من غير شذوذ شيء منه ليس هو مرتبة
أحد منهم ولا ادعاه أحد من المتقدمين ولا من المتأخرين فلهذا كان أئمة
السلف المجمع على علمهم وفضلهم يقبلون الحق ممن أورده عليهم وإن كان صغيراً
ويوصون أصحابهم وأتباعهم بقبول الحق إذا ظهر في غير قولهم.
كما قال عمر رضي الله عنه في مهور النساء وردت المرأة بقوله تعالى:
{وإن أردتم استبدال زوج مكان زوج واتيتم إحداهن قنطارا فلا تأخذوا منه شيئا أتأخذونه بهتانا وإثما مبينا} (النساء ٢٠)
فرجع عن قوله وقال: (أصابتِ امرأةٌ ورجلٌ أخطأ) وروي عنه أنه
قال: (كل أحد أفقه من عمر). وكان بعض المشهورين إذا قال في رأيه بشيء يقول:
(هذا رأينا فمن جاءنا برأي أحسنَ منه قبلناه).
وكان الشافعي يبالغ في هذا المعنى ويوصي أصحابه باتباع الحق
وقبول السنة إذا ظهرت لهم على خلاف قولهم وأن يضرب بقوله حينئذٍ الحائط،
وكان يقول في كتبه: (لا بد أن يوجد فيها ما يخالف الكتاب والسنة لأن الله
تعالى يقول:
{أفلا يتدبرون القران ولو كان من عند غير الله لوجدوا فيه اختلافا كثيرا} [النساء:٨٢]
وأبلغ من هذا أنه قال: (ما ناظرني أحد فباليت أظهرت الحجة على لسانه أو على لساني).
وهذا يدل على أنه لم يكن له قصد إلا في ظهور الحق ولو كان على لسان غيره ممن يناظره أو يخالفه.
ومن كانت هذه حاله فإنه لا يكره أن يُردَّ عليه قولُه ويتبين
له مخالفته للسنة لا في حياته ولا في مماته. وهذا هو الظن بغيره من أئمة
الإسلام، الذابين عنه القائمين بنَصْرِه من السلف والخلف ولم يكونوا يكرهون
مخالفة من خالفهم أيضاً بدليل عَرَضَ له ولو لم يكن ذلك الدليل قوياً
عندهم بحيث يتمسكون به ويتركون دليلهم له.
ولهذا كان الإمام أحمد رحمه الله تعالى يذكر إسحاق بن راهويه
ويمدحه ويثني عليه ويقول: (وإن كان يخالف في أشياء فإن الناس لم يزل بعضهم
يخالف بعضا) أو كما قال.
وكان كثيراً يُعرضُ عليه كلام إسحاق وغيره من الأئمة، ومأخذهم
في أقوالهم فلا يوافقهم في قولهم ولا يُنكِر عليهم أقوالهم ولا استدلالهم
وإن لم يكن هو موافقاً على ذلك كله وقد استحسن الإمام أحمد ما حكي عن حاتم
الأصم أنه قيل له: أنت رجل أعجمي لا تفصح وما ناظرك أحد إلا قطعته فبأي شيء
تغلب خصمك؟ فقال بثلاث: أفرح إذا أصاب خصمي وأحزن إذا أخطأ وأحفظ لساني
عنه أن أقول له ما يسوؤه أو معنى هذا فقال أحمد: (ما أعقله من رجل).
فحينئذٍ رد المقالات الضعيفة وتبيين الحق في خلافها بالأدلة
الشرعية ليس هو مما يكرهه أولئك العلماء بل مما يحبونه ويمدحون فاعله
ويثنون عليه.
فلا يكون داخلاً في الغيبة بالكلية فلو فرض أن أحداً يكره
إظهار خطئه المخالف للحق فلا عبرة بكراهته لذلك فإن كراهة إظهار الحق إذا
كان مخالفاً لقول الرجل ليس من الخصال المحمودة بل الواجب على المسلم أن
يحب ظهور الحق ومعرفة المسلمين له سواءٌ كان ذلك في موافقته أو مخالفته.
وهذا من النصيحة لله ولكتابه ورسوله ودينه وأئمة المسلمين وعامتهم وذلك هو الدين كما أخبر به النبي صلى الله عليه و سلم.
Reference: The Difference Between Sincere Advice and Criticism
In the Name of Allaah The Most Beneficent The Most Merciful
Introduction
All praise belongs to Allaah alone, Lord of the Universe, may His
peace and prayers be upon the Imam of the pious ones, and the seal of
the prophets, his family and all of his companions, and those who follow
them in goodness until the day of recompense. To proceed.
These are brief and comprehensive words concerning the difference
between sincere advice and criticism – for they both share the fact that
both of them are: to mention about someone that which he dislikes. The
difference between them can confuse many people. Allaah is the one who
guides to that which is correct.
Know that mentioning about someone that which he dislikes is
prohibited if the intended purpose is only to disparage, find fault or
mention [their] shortcomings. If however there is a benefit (greater
good) for the general Muslims especially for some of them, and the
intended purpose is to attain and achieve that benefit, then it is not
considered impermissible, rather [it is] recommended.
The scholars of Hadeeth have acknowledged and attested to this fact
in their books of Jarh wa ta’deel, they mentioned [in these books] the
difference between disparaging a [particular] narrator and backbiting
and they refuted those who consider both of them identical from the
devout worshippers and those who are bereft of knowledge.
Moreover there is no difference [with regards to permissibility and
impermissibility] between disparaging the narrators and the Hufaadh [1]
of Hadeeth and distinguishing between the narrations that ought to be
accepted from them or otherwise rejected, so there is no dissimilarity
between the aforementioned and clarifying someone’s erroneous
understanding of the meanings of the Book and the Sunnah and their
incorrect interpretation [of the Book and the Sunnah] as well as those
who persistently adhere to that which should not be adhered to [such as
incorrect interpretations of the Book and the Sunnah].
So the scholars are in agreement with regards to the permissibility of warning [the people] from following their errors.
This is why we find in their [the scholars] written works about
different types of religious sciences from Tafseer and the explanations
of Hadeeth as well as fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) and (books
discussing) the contrasting opinions of the scholars and other than
that. We find that these authored works are full of debates as well as
the refutations of statements of those whose statements are weakened
(i.e. refuted) from the major scholars and Imams of the Salaf and the
Khalaf from the companions and the Taabi’in (successors of the
companions) and those who came after them.
None of the people of knowledge have ever abandoned or disregarded
this. Nor have they laid claim against anyone who refuted their
statements that they have defamed them or slandered them or mentioned
their shortcomings. Except if the author [the one refuting] is one who
uses obscene language and is ill-mannered in his statements. In such
case his obscenity and ill manners are rebuked not his refutation and
disagreement so that the religious arguments and the significant
evidences are established.
The reason for this is that the scholars of the religion are all in
consensus that this is [recommended] for the purpose and aim of
manifesting [and clarifying] the truth which Allaah has sent his
messenger (Salla Allahu Alayhi Wasallam) with, and so that the whole
religion (worship) belongs to Allah alone and that his word becomes the
highest and most superior. Moreover, They (the scholars) all acknowledge
the fact that encompassing and knowing all [types] of knowledge without
anything escaping is not a level reached by any of them. In addition,
none of the earlier scholars as well as the latter ones ever claimed
this [for themselves]. That is why the major scholars and Imams of the
Salaf whose knowledge and virtue are unanimously agreed upon accept the
truth from whoever mentions it to them even if they are minors and they
also counsel their students and followers to accept the truth if it
becomes evident from other than their (the imam’s) statements.
As Umar [2] (RadiAlaahu A’nhu) mentioned with regards to the dowry
for women [when] a woman refuted [him] with the [meaning and
translation] of the statement of Allaah:
{But, if you intend to replace a
wife for another and you have given one of them a Qintar (of gold, i.e. a
great amount as Mahr), do not take anything from it; would you take it
wrongfully without a right and (with) a manifest sin?} [4:20]
So he retracted his statement and said:
“A woman was correct and a man was incorrect.” It was also narrated that he said:
“Everyone is more knowledgeable than Umar.”
Some of the famous [scholars] if they spoke about a matter with their opinion would say:
“This is our opinion, so whoever comes to us with a better opinion then we would accept it.”
Also, [Imam] Al-Shaafi’I used to [positively] exaggerate this sense
and he used to counsel his companions to follow and adhere to the truth
as well as to accept the Sunnah [even] if it became evident and to the
contrary of their statements. And in such case to disregard and brush
aside his statements. He would also say about his books: “There has to
be in them that which conflicts with the Book and the Sunnah because
Allaah the most high says:
{Do they not ponder over the Quran? Had it been from other Than Allah, they would surely have found therein much discrepancy} [4:82]
Even more amazing than that is his saying:
“No one ever debated with me [except] that I wasn’t concerned whether the truth established itself on his tongue or mine.”
So this shows that he’s sole aim and intention [while debating] was
the establishment of the truth even if it was on the tongue of the one
debating or contradicting him.
Therefore, whoever’s condition is thus will not hate the refutation
of his statements and that his opposition to the Sunnah is clarified not
in his life time nor after his death, and this is our assumption and
opinion of others from the [major] Imams of Islam, those who protect it
(Islam) and stand up for it in its defense from the salaf and the
khalaf. Moreover they did not dislike the disagreement of one who
disagrees because of an evidence that presented itself to him, even if
that evidence was not regarded by them as strong in such a manner as to
hold firm to it and abandon their own evidence.
That is why Al-Imam Ahmed may Allah Have Mercy on him used to mention
(with goodness) Ishaq bin Raahawayh. He used to praise him and commend
him, he would also say: “Although he disagrees [with me] in some issues,
however people have always been disagreeing with each other.” Or [he
said] something similar to that effect.
On many occasions the statements of Ishaq and the other Imams would
be presented to him as well as their approach and reasoning in their
statements and he would not agree with their statements or criticize
them. Moreover he would not criticize their reasoning even if he did not
totally agree with it. In addition Al-Imam Ahmed was pleased with what
was narrated from Hatim Al-Asam [when] it was said to him: “you are a
non-Arab who is not eloquent but no one ever debated with you except
that you overwhelmed them, so with what do you overcome your opponent?”
So he said: “with three [things]: I become happy when my opponent is
correct and I become sorrowful when he errs and I also preserve my
tongue so I don’t say to him that which will offend him, or [he said]
something similar to that effect” So [Imam] Ahmed said: “
What an intelligent man.”
That is why the refutation of weak statements and the clarification
of the truth as opposed to its opposite while utilizing the religious
evidences is not something that those scholars hate, rather it is
something that they love. Moreover they praise and commend the one who
takes this upon himself. In addition to that, this does not in any way
or form fall under [the category of] backbiting. If it was assumed that
someone dislikes the exposure of his error which contradicts the truth
then his dislike isn’t taken into consideration, for indeed disliking
that the truth be manifested if it contradicts someone’s statement is
not from the praiseworthy qualities.
In fact what is obligatory on the Muslim is to love the manifestation
of the truth and that the Muslims become aware of the truth whether it
(the manifestation of the truth) is in his agreement or disagreement.
THIS is sincere advice to Allah, His Book, His messenger, His
religion and to the leaders of the Muslims and their common folk, [3]
furthermore that is the [true] religion as was told by the prophet
(Salla Allahu Alayhi Wassalam).
Footnotes
[1] A Hafidh is one who has memorized 100,000 ahadeeth or more.
[2] The story of the woman refuting Umar in this narration is false
as the chain of narrators contains a weak narrator as well as there
being an inqida’ (the chain of narrators is broken and disconnected).
The meaning is also false as there is nothing in the verse which
prohibits or discourages men from giving women an exaggerated dowry.
See: [an article written by sheikh Al-Albani (RahimahuAllah) in a
magazine named Al-Tamadun Al-Islaami (28 / 514 – 519)] also see: [Irwa
alghalil by Sh Al-Albani (RahimahuAllah) 6/347 hadeeth no 1927.] However
the first part of the narration (not mentioned in the text) where Umar
ascends the pulpit and delivers a sermon where he discourages women from
exaggerating the dowry is authentic. See: [Sunan Abu Dawud (2106),
Sunan Al-Nasaai (2\87), Jaami' Al-Tirmidi (1\208), this part of the
story has been authenticated by Ibn Hiban and Darimi as well as Imam
Ahmed and Bayhaqi.]
[3] Reference to a Hadith collected by Muslim.
